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Vocabulary N1
1,419words ・ 0Learned
Words with kanji search vocabulary; hiragana/katakana search reading
拝察
はいさつ
The humble form of 「察する (to surmise)」. Used in expressions like 「ご多忙のことと拝察いたします (I humbly surmise that you must be busy)」「ご心痛のほど拝察申し上げます (I humbly perceive the depth of your grief)」. It is a formal word that politely expresses surmising another's situation or feelings, a humble form widely used in correspondence, business documents, and expressions of condolence. It is hardly used in everyday conversation, and is established as a polite, well-mannered expression in writing.
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拝借
はいしゃく
The humble form of 「借りる (to borrow)」. It is a humble form used in expressions like 「お知恵を拝借したい (may I borrow your wisdom)」「机を拝借します (allow me to borrow the desk)」「お時間を拝借する (allow me to take up some of your time)」. It is used in scenes of borrowing objects, knowledge, or time from another party, to express politeness. It is widely used in business and formal conversation, established as an expression for politely making a request while showing respect to superiors or clients.
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背信
はいしん
Refers to going against trust or fidelity. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「背信行為 (an act of betrayal)」「背信のそしりを免れない (one cannot escape charges of betrayal)」「背信に走る (to resort to betrayal)」. 「背」 means to turn one's back, 「信」 means trust or fidelity; together they express "to turn one's back on trust". It is used in scenes of betraying promises, expectations, or loyalty, and is a word used with weighty implications in business, political, and personal contexts.
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排斥
はいせき
Refers to pushing away and refusing to accept something as undesirable. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「外国製品を排斥する (to boycott foreign products)」「異論を排斥する (to reject dissenting views)」「排斥運動 (a movement of exclusion)」. 「排」 means to push away, 「斥」 also means to push away; the two stacked characters emphasize "pushing away strongly". It is used in situations where particular persons, things, or ideas are shut out of an organization or society, used widely in news reports, historical writing, and social theory.
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排他
はいた
Refers to not accepting other things and seeking to push them away. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「排他的なグループ (an exclusive group)」「排他主義 (exclusivism)」「排他的な態度 (an exclusionary attitude)」. 「排」 means to push away, 「他」 means others; together they express "to push others away". It refers to an attitude that rejects external participation and influence, used widely in contexts that critically describe the closedness of organizations, cultures, or thought. It is also used in technical terms such as 「排他制御 (mutual exclusion / exclusive control)」 in programming.
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背徳
はいとく
Refers to going against the morality that people ought to uphold. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「背徳的な行い (an immoral act)」「背徳の快楽 (forbidden pleasure)」「背徳感 (a sense of moral transgression)」. 「背」 means to turn one's back, 「徳」 means morality; together they express "to turn one's back on morality". It is a word for acts that deviate from ethical norms, used in literary, philosophical, and religious contexts. In the form 「背徳感」, it is also used to express the appeal of the forbidden accompanied by a sense of guilt.
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破格
はかく
Refers to deviating greatly from ordinary standards or norms. Used in expressions like 「破格の値段 (an extraordinary price)」「破格の待遇 (extraordinary treatment)」「破格の出世 (an extraordinary promotion)」. 「破」 means to break, 「格」 means standard or level; together they express "breaking the standard". It is mostly used in the positive sense of unusually favorable conditions (extremely low prices, exceptionally generous treatment, etc.), but depending on context can also express the degree of being out of the ordinary or exceptional.
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剥がす
はがす
Refers to pulling away and removing something that is stuck to a surface or covering it. Used in expressions like 「シールを剥がす (to peel off a sticker)」「壁紙を剥がす (to strip off wallpaper)」「絆創膏を剥がす (to peel off a bandage)」. It is a daily-use word used in scenes of physically peeling something off, with objects such as things that have been pasted on, things that have adhered, or coverings. Metaphorically, it is also used in idiomatic expressions for exposing a hidden true nature, as in 「化けの皮を剥がす (to tear off the mask)」.
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捗る
はかどる
Refers to work or tasks progressing smoothly. Used in expressions like 「勉強が捗る (one's studies are going well)」「作業が捗る (the work is progressing)」「思いのほか捗った (it went better than expected)」. It expresses the appearance of proceeding as planned or beyond expectations, and is a daily-use word used with positive evaluation. It appears widely in contexts describing the progress of tasks such as work, study, and housework. The negative form 「捗らない」 is equally common, used to refer to delays in progress.
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儚い
はかない
Refers to the appearance of tangible things vanishing quickly, fragile and feeble. Used in expressions like 「儚い命 (a fleeting life)」「儚い夢 (a fleeting dream)」「儚く散る (to fall away fleetingly)」. The character 「儚」 combines the "person" radical with the character 「夢 (dream)」, expressing things insubstantial like a dream. It is used with feelings of cherishing what does not endure or vanishes easily, used widely in literary, lyrical contexts about cherry blossoms, life, love, and memory. It is a word that connects to Japan's traditional aesthetic of "mono no aware".
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捗々しい
はかばかしい
Refers to the appearance of a matter progressing smoothly. It is a formal written word used in expressions like 「交渉が捗々しくない (negotiations are not progressing well)」「捗々しい返事がない (there is no satisfactory reply)」「捗々しい成果 (favorable results)」. It is mostly used in the negative form 「捗々しくない」, appearing widely in contexts that euphemistically describe situations that are not progressing as desired. As a reduplicated form emphasizing 「捗る」, it is more often written in kana than in kanji. It is hardly used in everyday conversation and is biased toward formal styles.
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歯痒い
はがゆい
Refers to feeling exasperated because something is not as one wishes. Used in expressions like 「見ていて歯痒い (to be exasperated watching)」「歯痒い思いをする (to feel frustrated)」「歯痒くてならない (intensely frustrating)」. It is a metaphor derived from the sensation of itchy gums, expressing impatience at being unable to intervene in what is happening before one's eyes or at things not progressing smoothly. It is widely used in contexts expressing impatience at one's own powerlessness, another's clumsiness, or the stagnation of a situation.
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計らう
はからう
Refers to handling matters and being considerate as the situation calls for. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「便宜を計らう (to make convenient arrangements)」「うまく計らう (to arrange well)」「お計らいいただく (to receive your kind arrangements)」. 「計」 means to think out or to plan, expressing the act of making careful arrangements for the sake of another party. It is mostly used in the forms 「便宜を計らう」「お計らい」, appearing frequently in scenes of extending special consideration to a particular party. With a somewhat classical tone, it is used in formal styles and respectful expressions.
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破棄
はき
Refers to canceling contracts, promises, or documents, or making them invalid. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「契約を破棄する (to terminate a contract)」「文書を破棄する (to destroy a document)」「判決を破棄する (to overturn a judgment)」. 「破」 means to break, 「棄」 means to discard; together they express "to break and discard". It is used for both physical disposal and the cancellation of legal effect, used widely in legal and business contexts such as contract cancellation, data deletion, and the reversal of judgments by higher courts.
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馬脚
ばきゃく
Refers to one's true nature or identity that had been hidden. Used in the form 「馬脚を露す (to give oneself away)」 idiomatically, it expresses the moment when concealment or disguise is exposed. It is a derivative expression from the idea of the legs of an actor playing a horse in a play poking out from the costume, established as a metaphor for the moment when concealed lies or weaknesses are exposed. It is an old-fashioned word hardly used on its own, appearing only as part of an idiomatic phrase.
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波及
はきゅう
Refers to the influence of an event spreading around in waves. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「事件の影響が他国に波及する (the impact of the incident spreads to other countries)」「経済への波及効果 (the ripple effect on the economy)」「波及範囲 (the scope of impact)」. 「波」 means wave, 「及」 means to reach; together they express "to reach like a wave". It refers to the process by which influence from a central event spreads stepwise to surrounding fields, regions, or industries, used widely in news reports and economic analyses.
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迫害
はくがい
Refers to those in power tormenting and driving a particular person or group into a corner. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「少数民族を迫害する (to persecute a minority people)」「宗教的迫害 (religious persecution)」「迫害から逃れる (to flee persecution)」. 「迫」 means to press in, 「害」 means to harm or torment; together they express "to press in and torment". It refers to organized suppression on the grounds of religion, ethnicity, ideology, or political stance, used widely in contexts of historical writing, human-rights issues, and refugee reporting.
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育む
はぐくむ
Refers to carefully protecting and nurturing. Used in expressions like 「子どもを育む (to nurture a child)」「夢を育む (to foster a dream)」「友情を育む (to cultivate a friendship)」. It is a derivative usage from the original sense of a bird mother wrapping her chick in her wings to warm and raise it, expressing the act of cherishing and helping something grow over a long time. It can be used broadly from tangible to abstract objects — children, talent, affection, friendship, culture — and carries a warm, positive connotation. It is used widely in contexts of education and culture.
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拍車
はくしゃ
Refers to the force that accelerates the progress of something a step further. Used in expressions like 「成長に拍車をかける (to spur growth)」「事態の悪化に拍車がかかる (the worsening of the situation is accelerated)」. Originally it meant the spur attached to the heel of a horseback rider's boot, used to kick the horse's belly to make it run faster. In modern usage it almost always appears in the idiomatic forms 「拍車をかける」「拍車がかかる」. Its core nuance is "further accelerating an existing progression", used in both positive and negative contexts.
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薄弱
はくじゃく
Refers to power, grounds, or will being weak and unreliable. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「根拠が薄弱だ (the grounds are weak)」「意志薄弱 (weak-willed)」「論拠が薄弱 (the argument is weak)」. 「薄」 means thin, 「弱」 means weak; together they express "a feeble state". Rather than physical weakness, it is widely used in contexts that critically describe abstract objects such as logic, will, or evidence as failing to reach the firmness they ought to have.
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薄情
はくじょう
Refers to an appearance of lacking consideration and feeling for others, taking a cold attitude. Used in expressions like 「薄情な仕打ち (cold treatment)」「薄情者 (a heartless person)」「薄情にも見捨てる (to coldly abandon)」. 「薄」 means thin, 「情」 means human feeling or affection; together they express a state of "thin feeling". It is used in scenes that reproach a lack of human warmth — not helping or showing concern for someone in difficulty — and is used widely in personality assessments and critical descriptions.
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漠然
ばくぜん
Refers to the appearance of the outline of something being vague. Used in expressions like 「漠然とした不安 (vague unease)」「漠然と考える (to think vaguely)」「漠然たる印象 (a hazy impression)」. 「漠」 means wide and limitless, 「然」 is a suffix indicating manner; together they express "a state of breadth without a clear outline". It is a word that depicts thoughts, impressions, or emotions lacking concreteness, and its central use is adverbial in the form 「漠然と〜」.
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剥奪
はくだつ
Refers to forcibly taking away rights, positions, or qualifications. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「資格を剥奪する (to strip of qualifications)」「権利を剥奪する (to deprive of rights)」「金メダルが剥奪される (to have one's gold medal stripped)」. 「剥」 means to strip away, 「奪」 means to seize; the two stacked characters emphasize "forcible taking". It refers to the act of publicly, punitively causing the loss of what one originally possessed, used widely in legal, sports, and human-rights contexts.
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博打
ばくち
Refers to a game of contesting victory by wagering money or goods. By extension, it refers to dangerous acts whose outcome cannot be foreseen. Used in expressions like 「博打を打つ (to gamble)」「人生の博打 (a gamble in life)」「博打に出る (to take a gamble)」. Originally it referred to gambling itself, but in modern usage it is also used as a metaphor for large bets such as business or career choices. Compared with 「賭博」, it has a more colloquial, informal ring, accompanied by the nuance of riskiness and rashness.
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白眉
はくび
Refers to something especially superior among many. It is a formal, literary word used in expressions like 「作品の白眉 (the masterpiece of one's work)」「白眉と言うべき出来栄え (an accomplishment that may be called the highlight)」「白眉をなす (to constitute the highlight)」. It originates from a Chinese classical anecdote in which, among the five Ma brothers of Shu, the eldest with white eyebrows was the most outstanding. It is used in contexts of literary criticism and work evaluation as a formal expression for an outstanding masterpiece or pinnacle.
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薄氷
はくひょう
Refers to thinly frozen ice. By extension, it refers to a state right next to danger or tension. Used in expressions like 「薄氷を踏む思い (a feeling of treading on thin ice)」「薄氷の勝利 (a victory by the slimmest margin)」. 「薄氷を踏む」 is an idiomatic expression originating from a Chinese classical text, expressing precarious danger like walking on ice that could break at any moment. The literal sense of thin physical ice is also used, but in modern usage the metaphorical use is more frequent.
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恥じらう
はじらう
Refers to feeling embarrassed and showing a shy demeanor. Used in expressions like 「頬を染めて恥じらう (to blush bashfully)」「恥じらいながら答える (to answer with shyness)」「恥じらいの色 (a hint of bashfulness)」. It is a somewhat classical word, mostly used for the gestures of young women or girls. Whereas 「恥じる (to feel ashamed)」 includes a sense of guilt or reflection, 「恥じらう」 often carries positive nuances such as feminine modesty or fresh innocence.
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恥ずかしめ
はずかしめ
Refers to treatment that damages another's honor — humiliation. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「恥ずかしめを受ける (to suffer humiliation)」「恥ずかしめを与える (to inflict humiliation)」「恥ずかしめに耐える (to endure humiliation)」. It is the noun form of 「恥ずかしむ (to put to shame)」, referring to speech or acts that damage another's dignity. With a classical resonance, it is hardly used in modern everyday conversation, and is found in historical novels, classical texts, and formal writing.
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罵声
ばせい
Refers to harsh shouts and words that revile another party. Used in expressions like 「罵声を浴びせる (to hurl abuses)」「罵声が飛ぶ (jeers fly)」「罵声を浴びる (to be showered with abuse)」. 「罵」 means to revile, 「声」 means voice; together they express "the voice of reviling". It refers to voices uttered with feelings of anger, denunciation, or insult, used widely in contexts of collective abuse from crowds, spectators, or protestors. It is a formal word appearing frequently in news reports and sports articles.
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馳せる
はせる
Refers to making a horse or vehicle run at speed. By extension, it refers to letting one's thoughts or fame reach a distant place. It is a formal written word used in expressions like 「馬を馳せる (to let one's horse gallop)」「思いを馳せる (to let one's thoughts roam)」「名を馳せる (to make a name for oneself)」. 「馳」 means for a horse to run swiftly, and in modern usage the metaphorical senses — 「思いを馳せる (to think with one's heart of distant people or past matters)」「名を馳せる (to gain wide fame)」 — are central, rather than the physical use for running. It appears frequently in literature and historical writing.
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肌合い
はだあい
Refers to a temperament felt from a person's disposition and atmosphere. Or, the texture of a thing. Used in expressions like 「肌合いが合う (to have compatible temperaments)」「肌合いの違う作品 (works of differing texture)」「肌合いの良い人 (a personable individual)」. It is a derivative usage from the sense of skin's feel, expressing abstract "compatibility" or "distinctive character". It is a literary word expressing sensory affinity or difference rather than logical similarity, and is widely used in personality assessment and criticism.
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畑違い
はたけちがい
Refers to a field different from one's specialty or area of strength. Used in expressions like 「畑違いの仕事 (work outside one's field)」「畑違いの分野 (a field outside one's specialty)」「畑違いから転職する (to change careers from a different field)」. It is a derivative usage from the agricultural metaphor that the type of cultivated field is different, referring to a field far removed from one's original experience or specialty. Compared with 「専門外」, it is more colloquial and casual, used both in humble contexts that note one's own unfamiliarity and in contexts that point out another's being in the wrong field.
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旗印
はたじるし
Refers to a goal that is held up as the purpose of an action or claim. Used in expressions like 「改革を旗印に掲げる (to raise the banner of reform)」「自由を旗印とする (to make freedom one's banner)」「旗印のもとに集まる (to gather under a banner)」. It is a derivative usage from the original meaning of a flag set up on the battlefield as a marker of one's own side, and has become established as a metaphor for the central ideal or slogan that a movement, organization, or campaign displays to the outside world. It is widely used in political, social-movement, and business contexts.
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破綻
はたん
Refers to the structure of a matter collapsing and ceasing to be tenable. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「経営が破綻する (the business fails)」「論理が破綻する (the logic falls apart)」「破綻寸前 (on the verge of collapse)」. 「破」 means to break, 「綻」 means to come apart at the seams; together they express "a state of being torn and unraveled". It is derived from the sense of garments fraying, and is widely used in situations where plans, relationships, finances, or organizations cease to function. Whereas 「破産」 carries a legal meaning, 「破綻」 refers more broadly to structural collapse.
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破談
はだん
Refers to a settled matter, especially a marriage talk or contract, being called off. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「縁談が破談になる (a marriage proposal is called off)」「破談にする (to call it off)」「破談を申し入れる (to ask to call it off)」. 「破」 means to break, 「談」 means a negotiation; together they express "to break a negotiation". Originally a word related to marriage talks, in modern usage it is also widely used for business negotiations, engagements, and transactions.
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跋扈
ばっこ
Refers to undesirable things gaining momentum and behaving as if they own the place. It is a very formal word used in expressions like 「悪徳業者が跋扈する (unscrupulous merchants run rampant)」「不正が跋扈する (corruption runs rampant)」「跋扈跳梁 (rampant and wild)」. It is a derivative expression from the idea of fish leaping over a bamboo weir, used in scenes where evils that should be checked spread because they have escaped restraint. It is the written language of news reports, editorials, and historical writings, and is hardly used in everyday conversation.
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抜擢
ばってき
Refers to specially selecting someone from many people and promoting them to an important position or role. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「主役に抜擢される (to be picked for a leading role)」「若手を抜擢する (to promote a junior)」「異例の抜擢 (an extraordinary promotion)」. 「抜」 means to pull out, 「擢」 also means to pull out and promote; the two stacked characters emphasize "carefully selecting and elevating". It expresses a special appointment that bypasses seniority, used widely in personnel matters, entertainment, and sports.
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発奮
はっぷん
Refers to receiving stimulus and strongly summoning up one's spirit. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「叱られて発奮する (to be roused by being scolded)」「敗戦を機に発奮する (to be roused on the occasion of a defeat)」「発奮を促す (to spur on)」. 「発」 means to start, 「奮」 means to enliven one's spirit; together they express "to summon up one's spirit". It expresses the appearance of using failure, criticism, or chagrin as a trigger to surpass one's former self and move to action, used widely in contexts of encouragement, sports, and academics.
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抜本的
ばっぽんてき
Refers to changing something greatly from its very root. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「抜本的な改革 (radical reform)」「抜本的に見直す (to review fundamentally)」「抜本的な対策 (drastic measures)」. 「抜本」 means to pull out the roots, expressing the stance of going into the cause itself to change things, rather than superficial symptomatic treatment. Note the pronunciation: it is 「ばっぽんてき」 with the small 「っ」, not 「ばつほんてき」. It is used widely in contexts that discuss reforms in policy, management, and systems.
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発露
はつろ
Refers to emotions or one's true nature, kept hidden within, coming out into the open. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「愛情の発露 (an outpouring of affection)」「本心の発露 (a manifestation of one's true feelings)」「自然な発露 (a natural outpouring)」. 「発」 means to appear, 「露」 means to reveal; together they express "to emerge from within". Rather than deliberate expression, it refers to the appearance of suppressed things welling forth naturally, and is used widely in contexts of psychology, literature, and aesthetic theory.
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罵倒
ばとう
Refers to abusing another party with violent words. Used in expressions like 「罵倒を浴びせる (to heap abuse upon someone)」「罵倒する (to revile)」「罵倒の限りを尽くす (to exhaust all forms of abuse)」. 「罵」 means to revile, 「倒」 adds the sense of "thoroughly"; together they express "to revile violently". It is used in scenes of hurling strong anger or contempt at another, with a more emotional and aggressive nuance than 「叱責」「批判」. It appears frequently in contexts of confrontations on SNS, Diet debates, and personal conflicts.
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歯止め
はどめ
Refers to the function of stopping the progress or worsening of something. Used in expressions like 「価格上昇に歯止めをかける (to put a brake on rising prices)」「歯止めが利かない (the brakes do not work)」「歯止めを失う (to lose all check)」. It is a derivative usage from the original meaning of a device that stops the motion of a wheel, established as a metaphor for restraint and control. It is mostly used in the forms 「歯止めをかける」「歯止めが利く／利かない」, used widely in scenes of curbing undesirable movements in the economy, society, or organizations.
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華々しい
はなばなしい
Refers to an appearance so brilliant and lustrous as to catch the eye. Used in expressions like 「華々しい活躍 (a brilliant performance)」「華々しいデビュー (a spectacular debut)」「華々しい成功 (a spectacular success)」. As a reduplicated form stacking the character 「華」, it expresses an appearance that is conspicuous, dazzling, and visually fine. It is mostly used as positive praise, but depending on context can take on nuances of "too flashy" or "lacking substance". It is used widely in sports, entertainment, and historical writing.
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撥ねる
はねる
Refers to forcefully flicking or splashing something away. Used in expressions like 「車が水を撥ねる (a car splashes water)」「不良品を撥ねる (to reject defective products)」「税金を撥ねる (to skim off taxes)」. In addition to physically splashing, it has the sense of "excluding what does not meet standards" in screening, and the sense of taking a portion of profit, as in 「上前を撥ねる (to skim off a cut)」. It is a verb whose meaning branches widely depending on context, and there are several kanji forms such as 「跳ねる」 and 「刎ねる」, distinguished by meaning.
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憚る
はばかる
Refers to refraining out of consideration. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「人目を憚る (to mind the eyes of others)」「世間を憚る (to mind public opinion)」「憚りながら申し上げる (with all due respect, allow me to say)」. It expresses the appearance of suppressing one's actions or speech out of concern for the gaze and judgment of those around. 「憚りながら」 is a humble phrase used as a preface. There is also an older usage with a different sense (to thrive) in the proverb 「憎まれっ子世に憚る (the hated child grows up well in the world)」.
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派閥
はばつ
Refers to small groups formed by people who share interests or ways of thinking within large organizations such as political parties or companies. Used in expressions like 「派閥争い (factional struggle)」「派閥に属する (to belong to a faction)」「派閥を超えて (across factions)」. 「派」 means branch, 「閥」 means clique or group; together they express "a divided group". It is mostly accompanied by negative connotations, used widely in contexts that critically describe factional confrontation and personnel struggles within organizations. It is a word frequently encountered in news reports about politics and large corporations.
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阻む
はばむ
Refers to blocking something that is trying to advance and not allowing it to proceed further. Used in expressions like 「行く手を阻む (to block one's way)」「進出を阻む (to block an advance)」「優勝を阻む (to block a championship)」. It is used broadly, from physical obstruction of a path to scenes in which abstract realization is hindered, such as plans, advances, or achievements, expressing the sense of halting partway a movement toward a goal or success. It appears frequently in diverse contexts such as sports, business, and geographical description.
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はびこる
はびこる
Refers to plants or harmful things spreading vigorously. Used in expressions like 「悪習がはびこる (bad customs run rampant)」「不正がはびこる (corruption runs rampant)」「雑草がはびこる (weeds spread)」. It is a derivative usage from the original sense of weeds growing thickly over a whole area, and in modern usage is widely used in situations where undesirable things — vices, corruption, misinformation, harmful forces — gain in power. It carries a negative evaluation, used in contexts criticizing situations where what ought to be kept in check is not being kept in check.
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羽振り
はぶり
Refers to one's clout in the world or one's economic prosperity. Used in expressions like 「羽振りがいい (to be prosperous)」「羽振りを利かせる (to throw one's weight around)」「羽振りのいい商売人 (a prosperous merchant)」. It is a derivative usage from the image of a bird flapping its wings, established as a metaphor for the appearance of being economically well-off and full of momentum. It is mostly used in the form 「羽振りがいい」, appearing frequently in contexts that describe a flush of cash and great social influence.
AI-generated translation
刃向かう
はむかう
Refers to standing up against and going against a powerful opponent. Used in expressions like 「権力に刃向かう (to defy power)」「親に刃向かう (to defy one's parents)」「刃向かう者は許さない (those who defy will not be forgiven)」. It is a derivative expression from the original sense of literally pointing a blade at the other party, used in scenes of resisting a great existence above oneself. Rather than physical attack, it is a word expressing the structure in which the lower party in a hierarchy of position or power opposes the upper party.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.