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JLPT N1 Vocabulary
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N1
形跡
けいせき
「形」 means form, and 「跡」 means a trace; together they mean a trace of form, that is, a sign that something existed. It refers to a trace showing that something was done or that something had been there. Used in expressions like 「侵入の形跡」 or 「使用した形跡」, it expresses physical or circumstantial clues that allow one to infer past facts.
AI-generated translation
N1
傾聴
けいちょう
It refers to leaning one's ear deeply into the other person's words and listening earnestly. Used in expressions like 「傾聴の姿勢」 or 「ご意見を傾聴する」, it is a formal word for an attitude of respecting and listening to the other party in formal settings.
AI-generated translation
N1
傾倒
けいとう
「傾倒」 originally meant the body leaning and falling over. From this, it came to be used metaphorically for devoting oneself so strongly to a person, philosophy, or art that one almost leans into it, becoming absorbed. It is a formal word expressing being deeply influenced and enthusiastically devoted, as in 「彼の思想に傾倒する」.
AI-generated translation
N1
汚れる
けがれる
For sanctity, honor, or purity of heart to be spoiled. Used not for dirt or stains but for scenes in which something of value is damaged, as in "家名が汚れる" or "聖地が汚れる". When the one doing the damage is the subject, "けがす" is used, as in "名誉を汚す". The same "汚れる" read as "よごれる" is a different word meaning to become dirty in appearance from mud or stains.
AI-generated translation
N1
けじめ
けじめ
The original meaning is to clearly distinguish boundaries between things. It refers to an attitude of clearly separating public and private matters, or right and wrong. From this, it developed the derived meaning of drawing a line and taking responsibility, and is often used in the form 「けじめをつける」 to mean making one's attitude clear or taking responsibility.
AI-generated translation
N1
けたたましい
けたたましい
It describes a manner in which a sound suddenly resounds loudly and feels grating to the ears. Used in expressions like 「けたたましい音」 or 「けたたましく笑う」, it is used in situations of negatively describing noise or shrill voices.
AI-generated translation
N1
桁違い
けたちがい
「桁」 refers to digits, that is, the positional values of ones, tens, hundreds, and so on. 「桁違い」 expresses a difference in scale so great that the very digit count differs. Used in expressions like 「桁違いの規模」 or 「桁違いに速い」, it is used when differences in quantity or ability stand out, in both positive and negative senses.
AI-generated translation
N1
血気
けっき
It refers to the youthful spirit of trying to act on momentum without considering consequences. Used in expressions like 「血気盛んな若者」 or 「血気にはやる」, it is a formal word for youthful zeal accompanied by recklessness.
AI-generated translation
N1, N5
結構
けっこう
A word used to politely decline, meaning "no thank you." Example: 「もう結構です」 (that's enough, thank you). Also used to mean "more than expected," as in 「結構おいしい」 (surprisingly delicious).
AI-generated translation
N1
傑出
けっしゅつ
「傑」 means to be outstanding, and 「出」 means to come out; together they mean to stand out prominently. It is a word describing being far superior to others. Used in expressions like 「傑出した才能」 or 「傑出した人物」, it is a formal word for strongly praising remarkable ability or achievement.
AI-generated translation
N1
結束
けっそく
「結」 means to tie, and 「束」 means a bundle; originally the word means to bundle and bind. From this, it came to be used metaphorically for people uniting firmly for a common purpose. Used in expressions like 「結束を固める」 or 「結束が強い」, in contexts that emphasize the cohesion of an organization or group.
AI-generated translation
N1
結託
けったく
「結」 means to bind, and 「託」 means to entrust; together they mean to be bound together and rely on each other. It refers to joining hands with others to do wrong. Used in expressions like 「業者と結託する」 or 「内部の者と結託する」, in contexts of improper conspiracy. Unlike 「協力」, which is neutral, this word has a negative meaning.
AI-generated translation
N1
血肉
けつにく
Refers to blood relations or knowledge and experience deeply absorbed into oneself. Read as 「けつにく」, but can also be read as 「ちにく」. Used in expressions like 「血肉を分けた兄弟」「経験を血肉とする」.
AI-generated translation
N1
潔白
けっぱく
It refers to having absolutely nothing guilty in one's heart or actions. Used in expressions like 「身の潔白を証明する」 or 「潔白を主張する」, it is a formal word used in contexts where a person under suspicion proclaims their innocence.
AI-generated translation
N1
傑物
けつぶつ
A word referring to a person of extraordinary ability or stature. Used in expressions like「歴史に名を残す傑物」, this is a formal way of highly praising the subject.
AI-generated translation
N1
潔癖
けっぺき
It refers to a nature of extremely disliking unclean things, or to a strict attitude that does not tolerate impropriety or ambiguity. Used in expressions like 「潔癖な性格」 or 「金銭に潔癖だ」, it is a formal word that expresses the strictness of character or ethical sense.
AI-generated translation
N1
欠乏
けつぼう
「欠」 means to lack, and 「乏」 means to be scarce; the word combines two synonymous characters expressing insufficiency. It refers to a state in which what is needed is not enough. Used in expressions like 「ビタミン欠乏」 or 「物資の欠乏」, it is a formal word for not reaching the proper amount, frequently appearing in nutrition and resource contexts.
AI-generated translation
N1
血脈
けつみゃく
A word for blood relations or lineage. Used in formal writing to emphasize the continuity of a family line or lineage, as in「王家の血脈」「血脈を絶やさない」.
AI-generated translation
N1
権威
けんい
It refers to a position of having outstanding knowledge and ability in a field and being trusted by people, or to a legitimate power that makes others submit. Used in expressions like 「経済学の権威」 or 「権威を失う」.
AI-generated translation
N1
権益
けんえき
「権」 means right, and 「益」 means benefit; together they mean rights and the benefits that accompany them. It refers to rights and the benefits gained along with them. Used in expressions like 「既得権益」 or 「海外権益」, it is a formal word for the interests secured by a state or enterprise. It is often seen in newspapers and economic articles.
AI-generated translation
N1
堅固
けんご
It refers to defenses being firm and not easily collapsing. Used in expressions like 「堅固な城」 or 「堅固な意志」, it is a formal word used for both physical structures and convictions or resolve.
AI-generated translation
N1
顕在
けんざい
It refers to appearing clearly in a visible form, without being concealed. Used in expressions like 「顕在化する」 or 「顕在的なリスク」, it is a formal word often used in contrast with what is potential.
AI-generated translation
N1
研鑽
けんさん
A word meaning to continuously deepen one's learning or skills. Used in formal contexts expressing long-term effort or self-cultivation, as in「日々研鑽を積む」「研鑽に励む」.
AI-generated translation
N1
堅持
けんじ
「堅」 means firm, and 「持」 means to hold; together they mean to firmly hold on. It refers to continuing to protect one's position or policy without easily changing it. Used in expressions like 「方針を堅持する」 or 「中立を堅持する」, in formal political, diplomatic, or managerial contexts.
AI-generated translation
N1
厳粛
げんしゅく
「厳」 means solemn, and 「粛」 means reverent and disciplined; together they mean solemn and disciplined. It is a word expressing a solemn and serious atmosphere. Used in expressions like 「厳粛な式典」 or 「厳粛に受け止める」, it is a formal word used in situations of facing ceremonies or grave facts.
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
現象
げんしょう
Something that appears in a form that can be seen or felt; a phenomenon. 自然現象 (natural phenomenon), 社会現象 (social phenomenon). Refers to the outward appearance of things, as opposed to their cause or substance.
AI-generated translation
N1
献身
けんしん
It refers to devoting oneself to others or to a cause without regard for one's own benefit. Used in expressions like 「献身的な看護」 or 「家族への献身」, it is a formal word used in contexts of positively evaluating long-term selfless effort.
AI-generated translation
N1
権勢
けんせい
「権」 means power or authority, and 「勢」 means momentum; together they refer to the strong momentum that accompanies authority. It refers to holding power and possessing the strong influence that comes with it. Used in expressions like 「権勢を振るう」 or 「権勢を誇る」, it is a formal word used to describe wielding great power in politics or an organization.
AI-generated translation
N1
厳正
げんせい
It refers to carrying out matters strictly and fairly, without involving personal feelings. Used in expressions like 「厳正な審査」 or 「厳正に対処する」, it is a formal word used in situations where evaluation or disposition should be fair.
AI-generated translation
N1
牽制
けんせい
It refers to restraining the other party's free movement by making them wary or by halting their action. Used in expressions like 「相手チームを牽制する」 or 「発言で牽制する」, it is a formal word used in competitive and negotiation contexts.
AI-generated translation
N1
譴責
けんせき
A word meaning to severely reprimand someone for a fault or wrongdoing. Also used as one level of workplace disciplinary action, referring to a relatively light penalty of issuing a written warning.
AI-generated translation
N1
喧噪
けんそう
The noisy sounds and atmosphere created by crowds of people or vehicles. Used in formal writing as in「都会の喧噪」「喧噪を離れる」to depict bustle in a negative or contrastive manner.
AI-generated translation
N1
言質
げんち
A statement or promise from someone that can later serve as evidence. Used in contexts of confirming the other party's words in negotiations or debates, as in「言質を取る」「言質を与える」.
AI-generated translation
N1
顕著
けんちょ
「顕」 means to appear, and 「著」 means conspicuous; the word combines two synonymous characters. It is a word expressing being conspicuously prominent. Used in expressions like 「顕著な傾向」 or 「効果が顕著に表れる」, it is used when a change or feature is clear to anyone. It frequently appears in formal writing about data or trends.
AI-generated translation
N1
喧伝
けんでん
A word meaning to widely proclaim something to the public. Used in expressions like「成果を喧伝する」, it often carries a negative nuance of excessive promotion.
AI-generated translation
N1
権謀術数
けんぼうじゅっすう
「権謀」refers to schemes for power, 「術数」refers to means of manipulating others; together they form a four-character idiom meaning cunning and devious schemes used to deceive and manipulate others to achieve one's goals. Used in expressions like「権謀術数を巡らす」(to plot schemes)、「権謀術数に長ける」(to be skilled in machinations), referring to maneuvers used in political or organizational power struggles to bring down opponents. A formal word used with a negative connotation.
AI-generated translation
N1
けんもほろろ
けんもほろろ
It describes a manner of coldly and curtly rejecting another's request or appeal. Used in the form 「けんもほろろに断られる」, in situations of describing a cold response that gives no foothold at all.
AI-generated translation
N1
源流
げんりゅう
It refers to the origin or source from which something began. Used in expressions like 「文化の源流」 or 「思想の源流」, it is most often used metaphorically for the great source leading up to the present. Originally it refers to the upper reaches or headwaters of a river.
AI-generated translation
N1
高圧的
こうあつてき
「高圧」 originally means high pressure and refers to physically strong pressure, as in high-voltage power lines or high-pressure gas. From this, the term came to be used metaphorically for a strong attitude that presses down on others from above. Used in expressions like 「高圧的な態度」 or 「高圧的に出る」, in critical contexts of human relations or negotiations.
AI-generated translation
N1
高貴
こうき
It refers to being of high status and having dignity. Used in expressions like 「高貴な家柄」 or 「高貴な香り」, it is a somewhat archaic word expressing the elegance and formality of people or things.
AI-generated translation
N1
高潔
こうけつ
「高」 means noble, and 「潔」 means pure and free from impurity. It describes a noble character that is pure and free from greed or baseness. Used in expressions like 「高潔な人格」 or 「高潔の士」, it is a formal word used to strongly praise a person's character.
AI-generated translation
N1
豪語
ごうご
「豪」 means grand or exaggerated, and 「語」 means to speak. It refers to declaring grand things with full confidence. Used in expressions like 「優勝を豪語する」 or 「豪語してはばからない」, it is a word with a slightly ironic tone, describing the attitude of making boastful claims.
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
交差
こうさ
Two or more lines or roads crossing each other.
AI-generated translation
N1
公算
こうさん
「公」 means public or objective, and 「算」 means to calculate; together they refer to a likelihood that has been objectively calculated. It refers to the likelihood or prospect that something will turn out a certain way. Used in expressions like 「公算が大きい」 or 「公算が高い」, it is a formal word used when stating a forecast in newspapers and news reports.
AI-generated translation
N1
鉱床
こうしょう
「鉱」 means mineral, and 「床」 means a place or layer where matter accumulates; together they refer to a place where minerals form a layer. It refers to a place underground where minerals that can be mined are concentrated. It is a somewhat specialized formal word used in geological and resource development contexts, as in 「銅の鉱床」 or 「鉱床を発見する」.
AI-generated translation
N1
強情
ごうじょう
「強」 means strong, and 「情」 means temperament or feeling; together they mean a strong and stubborn temperament. It refers to not changing one's view and stubbornly pushing it through. Used in expressions like 「強情を張る」 or 「強情な性格」, it is a word expressing an inflexible attitude.
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
洪水
こうずい
A river overflowing due to heavy rain or the like, leaving the land flooded. Also used figuratively, as in 「情報の洪水」.
AI-generated translation
N1
傲然
ごうぜん
「傲」 means to be arrogant and to look down on others. It describes an attitude of acting haughtily and looking down on those around. Used in expressions like 「傲然と言い放つ」 or 「傲然たる態度」, it is a formal word expressing strong arrogance.
AI-generated translation
N1
豪胆
ごうたん
「豪」 means strong and vigorous, and 「胆」 originally refers to the gallbladder, an internal organ, and is used as a metaphor for courage. It describes a character that has nerve and is rarely shaken by anything. Used in expressions like 「豪胆な人物」 or 「豪胆にふるまう」, it is a formal word expressing a brave and firmly resolved character.
AI-generated translation
N1
拘泥
こうでい
「拘」 means to hold or detain, and 「泥」 originally means to be stuck in mud and unable to move, from which it came to mean to cling. It refers to being caught up in trivial details and unable to move forward. Used in expressions like 「形式に拘泥する」 or 「過去に拘泥する」, it is a formal word for criticizing an inflexible attitude.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.