The difference in height that water or the like falls; also, a large gap between two things.
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N2楽観らっかん
To think positively that things will go well.
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N2乱用らんよう
To use a right, power, or the like carelessly or excessively.
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N2, N3理解りかい
understanding. Correctly grasping the meaning or content of something. Example: 「話を理解する」 (to understand what someone is saying). Also used to mean being considerate of another person's feelings, as in 「理解のある上司」 (an understanding boss).
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N2理屈りくつ
The logic of a matter; also, a forced or far-fetched reason.
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N2利点りてん
A point in which something is superior compared to others; a useful feature.
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N2流通りゅうつう
Goods passing from producers to consumers; also, something being widely used or accepted.
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N2良識りょうしき
The ability to judge right and wrong calmly and soundly. Refers to the standard of judgment considered reasonable in society at large. Used in expressions such as 「良識ある大人」 or 「良識を疑う」. While 「常識」 refers to widely shared knowledge, 「良識」 emphasizes the judgment based on such knowledge.
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N2了承りょうしょう
To take the circumstances into account and give one's consent.
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N2臨機応変りんきおうへん
Responding flexibly and appropriately to changes in situation or circumstance. Used both adjectivally and adverbially, as in 「臨機応変な対応」 or 「臨機応変に処理する」. A four-character idiom that positively evaluates an attitude of acting on the spot with resourcefulness rather than following a rigid template.
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N2臨時りんじ
Doing something not at a fixed time, but as needed on a particular occasion.
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N2累計るいけい
To add things up one after another into a running total; also, that total itself.
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N2類似るいじ
Being very similar to one another.
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N2, N3例れい
example. A specific thing of the same kind shown to explain something. Example: 「例を挙げる」 (to give an example). Also used in the phrase 「例の話」 to refer to a matter that both parties already know about.
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N2冷静れいせい
Judging things calmly, without being swayed by emotion.
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N2劣化れっか
A quality or property deteriorating from what it originally was.
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N2劣等感れっとうかん
The feeling that one is inferior to others. Used in expressions such as 「劣等感を持つ」 or 「劣等感を抱く」. It refers not to a momentary low mood but to a feeling that persists in the mind. The antonym is 「優越感」 (a sense of superiority). Another word containing 「劣等」 is 「劣等生」, which refers to a person whose grades or performance are poor.
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N2劣等生れっとうせい
A student whose grades or performance are inferior to others'. The antonym is 「優等生」 (an honor student). Besides school grades, it is also used to humble oneself about being the weakest in a group, as in 「この分野では私は劣等生だ」 (In this field I am the poor performer). Another word containing 「劣等」 is 「劣等感」, which refers to the feeling of being inferior.
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N2廉価れんか
Being inexpensive relative to quality, or selling something at a low price. Used in reference to the prices of products and services, as in 「廉価版」 or 「廉価で提供する」. The character 「廉」 means "cheap" or "inexpensive."
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N2連携れんけい
Parties who share the same goal keeping in contact and cooperating with one another.
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N2連帯れんたい
Two or more people being bound together and sharing their actions and feelings. As in 「連帯感」「労働者の連帯」, it expresses solidarity among companions. It also refers to several parties being bound together and bearing responsibility jointly; 「連帯責任」「連帯保証人」 express a relationship in which an obligation that one person would bear is taken on by everyone.
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N2老朽ろうきゅう
Becoming old and no longer usable.
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N2労働ろうどう
Working with one's body or mind to earn income; labor. 労働時間 (working hours), 肉体労働 (manual labor).
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N2浪費ろうひ
To waste money, time, or the like.
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N2論争ろんそう
To argue back and forth, each side asserting its own view.
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N2論評ろんぴょう
Discussing the content or merits of a matter and giving an evaluation. Used in newspaper and magazine editorials, as well as in book reviews and critiques. Used in expressions such as 「政策を論評する」 or 「専門家による論評」. Its distinctive feature is that it goes beyond merely stating an opinion to giving an evaluation backed by reasoning.
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N2論理ろんり
The reasoning that gives order and coherence to one's thinking or speech.
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