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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
Search words across all levels
4,238words (N1–N5 total)
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Status
N2
法廷
ほうてい
Refers to the place where trials are held. Used in expressions like 「法廷に立つ (to stand in court)」「法廷で証言する (to testify in court)」「法廷闘争 (a legal battle)」. It is a formal word referring to the public venue where defendants, plaintiffs, judges, lawyers, and others gather to conduct legal proceedings. It appears frequently in news reports, legal documents, and novels. Whereas 「裁判所」 refers to the entire building of a court, 「法廷」 refers to the specific room or scene where proceedings are held.
AI-generated translation
N2
暴動
ぼうどう
Refers to a crowd collectively engaging in violent acts such as destruction and looting against a background of political or social discontent. Used in expressions like 「暴動が起きる (a riot breaks out)」「暴動を鎮圧する (to suppress a riot)」. It is a formal word referring to collective violence on a scale that threatens social order, rather than a fight between individuals or a small group. It is frequently used in news reports and historical writing.
AI-generated translation
N2
冒頭
ぼうとう
Refers to the very first part of a piece of writing, speech, event, or work. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「冒頭で挨拶する (to give greetings at the opening)」「冒頭の場面 (the opening scene)」「冒頭発言 (opening remarks)」. It refers to the beginning portion of some coherent whole such as a speech, book, film, or meeting. Rather than 「最初 (the very first)」, it is a word conscious of structural position, used in situations where one treats it as a specific segment, as in 「冒頭から/冒頭部分 (from the opening / the opening section)」.
AI-generated translation
N2
褒美
ほうび
Refers to money, goods, or opportunities given by someone in a higher position to commend a good deed or achievement. Used in expressions like 「褒美を与える (to give a reward)」「褒美に旅行に連れて行く (to take someone on a trip as a reward)」. Historically the word referred to items granted by a lord to his retainers, but in modern usage the focus has shifted to casual situations within the family or workplace, such as parents rewarding their children or superiors rewarding their subordinates. In formal official documents, terms such as 「報奨 (commendation award)」 or 「賞与 (bonus)」 are used instead.
AI-generated translation
N2
抱負
ほうふ
Refers to a plan or resolve held in one's heart that one wishes to realize from now on. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「新年の抱負 (New Year's resolutions)」「抱負を語る (to speak of one's aspirations)」. Rather than a vague wish, it is used in situations where one states a goal or intention with a certain degree of concreteness. It appears frequently in remarks at formal milestones such as New Year's greetings, greetings on assuming a new post, entrance ceremonies, and inauguration press conferences.
AI-generated translation
N2
方々
ほうぼう
Refers to here and there, in various places. It is a word with both adverbial and nominal uses, used in expressions like 「方々を探す (to search all over)」「方々から苦情が来る (complaints come from all over)」. It expresses the appearance of something being done not in just one location but across many places and directions. Since the same written form is also read 「かたがた (an honorific for plural persons)」, the reading must be distinguished by context.
AI-generated translation
N2
法令
ほうれい
A general term covering laws enacted by the Diet and orders issued by administrative agencies. Used in expressions like 「法令を遵守する (to comply with laws and regulations)」「関連法令 (related laws and regulations)」「法令違反 (violation of laws and regulations)」. It is a formal word that encompasses the constitution, statutes, cabinet orders, ministerial ordinances, and rules, and is used widely in administrative, business, and compliance contexts. Compared to 「法律」, its scope is broader, also covering administrative legislation.
AI-generated translation
N2
捕獲
ほかく
Refers to capturing an animal or a fleeing person. Used in expressions like 「野生の鹿を捕獲する (to capture a wild deer)」「容疑者を捕獲する (to apprehend a suspect)」. The central context is planned capture as part of some operation, such as fishing, hunting, or police activity, and it carries a nuance of placing the target under some form of control. It is a formal word, not used in everyday situations where one would simply say 「捕まえる (to catch)」.
AI-generated translation
N2
保管
ほかん
To keep an item in one's custody and protect it so that it is not damaged or lost.
AI-generated translation
N2
補給
ほきゅう
To replenish and add to something that has run short.
AI-generated translation
N2
補佐
ほさ
Refers to assisting and supporting from the side the duties of someone in a high position or position of responsibility. Used in expressions like 「社長を補佐する (to assist the president)」「補佐役 (an assistant role)」「課長補佐 (assistant section chief)」. It is a formal word expressing an official supporting relationship in duties, and is also used as a title within organizations. Compared to simply 「手伝う (to help)」, it implies a relationship in which responsibility for carrying out duties is shared.
AI-generated translation
N2
保守
ほしゅ
Refers to maintaining and preserving existing states, structures, and equipment without changing them. It encompasses both the technical sense as in 「機械を保守する (to maintain machinery)」「保守点検 (maintenance inspection)」「サーバーの保守 (server maintenance)」, and the political stance of valuing existing values and traditions as in 「保守派 (the conservative faction)」「保守的な考え (conservative thinking)」. In the latter sense it is paired with 「革新」. The meaning shifts greatly depending on context, so it is a word that requires care in interpretation.
AI-generated translation
N2
補充
ほじゅう
To supplement and fill in a part that has become deficient or insufficient.
AI-generated translation
N2
補償
ほしょう
Refers to compensating for damages, disadvantages, or losses with money or the like. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「事故の補償 (compensation for an accident)」「補償金 (compensation money)」「損害補償 (damage compensation)」. It is used in situations where the perpetrator, the state, an insurance company, or the like compensates the injured party for their loss. There is an important distinction in meaning from the homophones 「保証 (to guarantee, taking responsibility)」 and 「保障 (to safeguard a status or condition)」, and the three are strictly distinguished in legal, insurance, and business documents.
AI-generated translation
N2
保証
ほしょう
To vouch that something is correct and certain; also, to take on something with responsibility.
AI-generated translation
N2
舗装
ほそう
Refers to hardening and finishing the surface of roads using asphalt, concrete, and the like. It is a formal word used in expressions like 「道路を舗装する (to pave a road)」「舗装工事 (pavement construction)」「未舗装の道 (an unpaved road)」. It refers to construction work that brings an earthen road to a state convenient for vehicles and pedestrians to use, and is used both in the specialized contexts of civil engineering and construction, and in everyday contexts discussing urban development and road maintenance.
AI-generated translation
N2
補足
ほそく
To later add something to make up for what is lacking.
AI-generated translation
N2
没頭
ぼっとう
Refers to becoming so absorbed in one thing that one disregards everything else. Used in expressions like 「研究に没頭する (to immerse oneself in research)」「執筆に没頭する (to be absorbed in writing)」. Its original meaning is 「頭を没する (to sink one's head into)」, expressing the state of being so deeply engaged that even one's head is submerged. It is used for objects one actively engages with, such as work, creative activity, or hobbies, and often carries a positive evaluation.
AI-generated translation
N2
本腰
ほんごし
Refers to the posture of settling oneself in and tackling something in earnest. Used idiomatically as 「本腰を入れる (to put one's lower back into something — i.e., to get serious)」, it describes a situation in which one revises a previously halfhearted or sideline approach and begins to engage seriously. It is an expression rooted in bodily sensation: 「腰 (the lower back/hips)」 is the center of the body, and the steadiness of the hips reflects the seriousness of one's commitment. It is a relatively casual word that can be used even in everyday conversation.
AI-generated translation
N2
本心
ほんしん
Refers to the true feelings or thoughts hidden deep in one's heart. Used in expressions like 「本心を打ち明ける (to reveal one's true feelings)」「本心を隠す (to conceal one's true feelings)」. It refers to the genuine emotion that lies behind the attitude or statements one shows on the surface. It is nearly synonymous with 「本音」, but while 「本音」 is more colloquial and casual, 「本心」 is used in a somewhat more formal, harder-edged context.
AI-generated translation
N2
本筋
ほんすじ
Refers to the main current, the central core of a conversation, discussion, or story. Used in expressions like 「議論が本筋から外れる (the discussion strays from the main point)」「話を本筋に戻す (to bring the conversation back to the main thread)」. As opposed to side-tracks or peripheral details, it refers to the original theme or main axis that should be addressed. It is frequently used in contexts of organizing the flow of meetings and discussions, and in discussions of story structure. Compared to 「本論」, it is more colloquial and used practically in the setting of meeting facilitation.
AI-generated translation
N2
本音
ほんね
Refers to what one truly thinks in one's heart, as opposed to one's 「建前 (tatemae, official public stance)」. Used in expressions like 「本音を漏らす (to let slip one's true feelings)」「本音と建前 (one's true feelings and one's public stance)」「本音で話す (to speak frankly)」. As a concept paired with 「建前 (the public statements valued in Japanese society)」, it refers to honest feelings that are hard to express publicly. More colloquial than 「本心」, it is used widely in everyday conversation, workplace chatter, and contexts that discuss human relationships.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
ぼんやり
ぼんやり
A state in which the shape of something, a memory, or the like is not clear. 「遠くの山がぼんやり見える」 (the distant mountains look hazy). It also describes a state of thinking about nothing, with one's attention directed nowhere in particular. 「授業中にぼんやりする」 (to space out during class), 「ぼんやりしていて駅を乗り過ごした」 (I was spacing out and missed my station).
AI-generated translation
N2
巻き込む
まきこむ
To draw in the people or things around one and involve them together; to pull someone into a certain situation.
AI-generated translation
N2
紛らわしい
まぎらわしい
A state of being hard to distinguish because things resemble each other and are easily mistaken. It shares the same origin as the verb 「紛れる」 (to become indistinguishable by mixing in with other things), with the original meaning "easily blended in." Used as in 「紛らわしい名前」, 「紛らわしい表現」, 「紛らわしい行為」. Used when appearance, name, expression, or behavior is similar to something else and thus apt to invite misunderstanding. It carries a nuance of treating the cause of misrecognition or confusion as a problem, rather than the neutral "resembling."
AI-generated translation
N2
真心
まごころ
A genuine, sincere feeling of care toward another person. Formed by adding 「真」 to 「心」 to emphasize sincerity from the heart, rather than surface courtesy or calculation. Used as in 「真心を込める」, 「真心からのもてなし」, 「真心が伝わる」. Frequently used in situations involving consideration or kindness toward others, such as customer service, gifts, nursing, and education. Close in meaning to 「誠意」, but 「真心」 emphasizes emotional, inner sincerity, while 「誠意」 emphasizes sincerity as responsibility or response.
AI-generated translation
N2
まさか
まさか
An adverb expressing surprise at an unexpected situation, or the low likelihood of such a possibility. It has a usage expressing surprise when facing an unexpected situation, in forms like 「まさか〜とは」, 「まさか〜ない」, and a usage negating something as impossible, as in 「まさかそんなことはあるまい」. Used in contexts of negative or unexpected surprise, as in 「まさか彼が来るとは」, 「まさか負けるとは思わなかった」. Also used alone as an interjection, 「まさか!」. There is also a usage as a noun referring to an unexpected emergency, as in 「まさかの事態」, 「まさかの時に備える」.
AI-generated translation
N2
摩擦
まさつ
Two objects rubbing against each other; also, conflict arising from a difference in opinion or interests.
AI-generated translation
N2
勝る
まさる
For one's ability, degree, value, or the like to be superior to another's. The character 「勝」 originally means "to win over an opponent," and expresses being in a higher position in a comparison. Used in a comparative context, as in 「他に勝るとも劣らない」, 「経験に勝る教師はない」, and 「百聞は一見に勝る」. It is a verb, but it mostly appears in the set patterns 「AはBに勝る」 and 「AはBより勝る」, within idiomatic constructions describing superiority or inferiority. It can also be written as 「優る」. It has a somewhat formal, written-language feel, and appears frequently in proverb- and maxim-style expressions.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
貧しい
まずしい
poor. Lacking money or goods, making life difficult. Example: 「貧しい家庭」 (a poor family). Also used to mean lacking in substance, as in 「貧しい発想」 (a poor/impoverished idea). The antonym is 「豊か」 (rich/abundant).
AI-generated translation
N2
間近
まぢか
For a time or distance to be right there, close at hand. It is used both for situations where an event is drawing near in time, as in 「試験が間近に迫る」 and 「結婚式が間近だ」, and for being physically close in distance, as in 「山を間近に望む」 and 「間近で見る」. It is often used adverbially, as in 「間近で見る」, 「間近に控える」, and 「間近に迫る」. Note that the reading has a voiced sound after 「ま」, giving 「まぢか」.
AI-generated translation
N2, N5
待つ
まつ
wait. To stay in a place until a person or event arrives.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
全く
まったく
Completely. Example: 「全く同じだ」 (completely the same). When used with a negative, it means "not at all," as in 「全く知らない」 (not know at all).
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
窓口
まどぐち
A place at a government office or bank, etc., where staff deal with customers. Example: 「窓口で手続きする」 (to complete procedures at the counter). Also used to mean the person in charge of receiving inquiries, etc., as in 「相談窓口」 (a consultation counter/contact).
AI-generated translation
N2
纏まる
まとまる
For scattered things to come together and take shape as a whole. Used of opinions, luggage, discussions, or organizations settling into a unified form, as in 「意見がまとまる」(opinions come together), 「話がまとまる」(a deal is settled), 「考えがまとまる」(thoughts are organized), or 「グループとしてまとまる」(to unite as a group). 「纏める」 is used for someone who intentionally gathers things, and 「纏まる」 for what converges into one form of its own accord: 「意見をまとめる」 versus 「意見がまとまる」. Frequently appears in contexts describing a transition from confusion or dispersal to clarity and stability.
AI-generated translation
N2
纏める
まとめる
To bring scattered things into one and put them in order. The object is very broad, ranging from physical things to abstract ones: bringing things together, as in 「荷物をまとめる」「髪をまとめる」; bringing thoughts together, as in 「意見をまとめる」「議論をまとめる」; bringing writing together, as in 「論文をまとめる」「報告書をまとめる」; bringing organizations together, as in 「チームをまとめる」. It expresses the act of moving from a chaotic or scattered state to an integrated, well-ordered one.
AI-generated translation
N2
免れる
まぬがれる
To get by without receiving responsibility, punishment, danger, or the like. 「免」 means to permit or to remove, expressing a state of escaping from something originally hard to avoid. Used in situations of slipping out of a disadvantage one would otherwise have received, as in 「処分を免れる」, 「危険を免れる」, 「責任を免れる」, 「死を免れる」. Also read 「まぬかれる」, with both readings used in modern usage. It differs in meaning from 「免じる」 (to relieve from a post, to pardon), which uses the same kanji.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
真似
まね
imitation. To do exactly as another person does. Example: 「先生の発音を真似する」 (to imitate the teacher's pronunciation).
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
招く
まねく
To invite someone as a guest. Example: 「パーティーに招く」 (to invite to a party). Also used to mean causing an undesirable result, as in 「誤解を招く」 (to invite/cause misunderstanding).
AI-generated translation
N2
麻痺
まひ
A state in which the function of nerves or muscles is lost, and sensation or movement becomes impossible. Both 「麻」 and 「痺」 are characters meaning to go numb, together expressing a state in which sensation or movement has been taken away. Medically it refers to a symptom in which part of the body cannot move due to stroke, nerve damage, and the like, used as in 「半身麻痺」, 「顔面麻痺」, 「下肢の麻痺」. Figuratively it is also used to mean that an organization or system stops functioning normally, as in 「交通麻痺」, 「機能麻痺」, 「都市機能の麻痺」. It is also used to mean that sensitivity is dulled by repetition, as in 「感覚が麻痺する」.
AI-generated translation
N2
間引く
まびく
To remove some items from a crowded group in order to improve the growth or efficiency of what remains. It is originally an agricultural term referring to the work of pulling out some seedlings from densely grown vegetables to create space, so that the remaining seedlings can grow larger. Its original meaning is seen in expressions like 「大根を間引く」. From there, it is also used figuratively, as in 「人員を間引く」 and 「運行本数を間引く」, to mean removing part of an overcrowded state in order to make the whole more efficient. It also appears frequently in the context of reducing the number of train or bus services.
AI-generated translation
N2
幻
まぼろし
Something that is seen or sensed even though it does not actually exist. It originally referred to "something that appears as a dream or hallucination but has no substance," used in expressions like 「幻を見る」 and 「目の前に幻が現れる」. From there, its usage extended figuratively to express "something that ended without being realized" or "something lost that can never be obtained again." It appears frequently in contexts describing something extremely rare and hard to obtain, or something whose existence is legendary, as in 「幻のチャンピオン」, 「幻の名作」, 「幻の銘酒」, and 「幻に終わる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
丸暗記
まるあんき
Memorizing sentences, formulas, and the like exactly as they are, without thinking about their meaning or the reasons behind them. Used as in 「公式を丸暗記する」 (to learn a formula by rote), 「教科書を丸暗記する」. The 「丸」 at the front means "whole, entirely," and 「丸写し」 and 「丸覚え」 are formed in the same way. Unlike simply saying 「暗記」, this word is sometimes used with the negative view that the content has not been understood.
AI-generated translation
N2
丸々
まるまる
An adverb meaning "completely, entirely, the whole." It is a reduplicated form that emphasizes the completeness and undiminished nature of an amount or condition. There is a use that indicates that some unit extends in full from beginning to end, as in 「丸々一週間休む」「丸々一冊を読み終える」, and another use that depicts something plump and round, as in 「丸々太った赤ん坊」「丸々と肥える」. The former is adverbial; the latter is used adverbially in the form 「丸々と〜」.
AI-generated translation
N2
稀
まれ
Something that rarely happens, that almost never occurs. Expresses low frequency or rarity, used as in 「稀な現象」, 「稀に見る才能」, 「ごく稀に」, 「稀にしか起こらない」. Used both as an adjectival noun in the form 「稀な〜」 and adverbially in the form 「稀に〜」. Also written 「希」, which is likewise a common spelling. A bookish, somewhat hard word, used in more writing-oriented settings than the everyday 「めったに」. Used for both positive and negative matters, but there are also many usages emphasizing positive evaluation, as in 「稀に見る才能」.
AI-generated translation
N2
満喫
まんきつ
To savor and enjoy something fully, until one is satisfied.
AI-generated translation
N2
満場
まんじょう
Everyone present at the venue. 「満」 means "full," and 「場」 means "that place"; together the word denotes "the state in which the venue is filled with those present," and by extension "all the people there." Used as in 「満場一致」「満場の拍手」「満場が沸く」 in contexts where the entire venue shows a single response. It is a written-language term used in formal settings such as conferences, ceremonies, theaters, and parliaments; it is not used to describe the number of people in everyday conversation.
AI-generated translation
N2
慢性
まんせい
A state in which a symptom or condition continues for a long time and does not readily change. 「慢」 means taking time, dragging on. Originally a medical term, paired with 「急性」 (acute, suddenly occurring), referring to an illness that persists over a long period. Figuratively, it is also used for social phenomena or organizational problems that go unresolved over a long period, as in 「慢性的な人手不足」, 「慢性的な渋滞」, 「慢性の赤字」. Mostly used as the adjectival noun 「慢性的な」, carrying a negative implication.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
満足
まんぞく
satisfaction. A state where one's wishes are fulfilled and the heart is content. Example: 「結果に満足する」 (to be satisfied with the result). The antonym is 「不満」 (dissatisfaction).
AI-generated translation
N2, N5
磨く
みがく
To rub something to make it clean. Example: 「歯を磨く」 (to brush one's teeth).
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.