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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,256words (N1–N5 total)
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N1
傲慢
ごうまん
「傲」 means arrogant, and 「慢」 means to belittle; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to the attitude of believing oneself to be the best and looking down on others. Used in expressions like 「傲慢な態度」 or 「傲慢にふるまう」, it is a formal word used to strongly criticize a person's character or attitude.
AI-generated translation
N3
効率
こうりつ
The ratio of results achieved relative to the time or effort spent. 「効率がいい」 means little is wasted.
AI-generated translation
N2, N5
声
こえ
voice. A sound made from the mouth by a person or animal. Example: 「大きな声で話す」 (to speak in a loud voice).
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
越える
こえる
To go over to the other side of a mountain, river, border, etc. Example: 「国境を越える」 (to cross a border), 「峠を越える」 (to go over a mountain pass). The homophone 「超える」 refers to a quantity or limit being exceeded, as in 「1万人を超える」 (to exceed 10,000 people), and is written differently.
AI-generated translation
N3
凍る
こおる
freeze. For water, etc., to cool and solidify. Example: 「湖が凍る」 (a lake freezes), 「道路が凍る」 (a road freezes over).
AI-generated translation
N3
誤解
ごかい
misunderstanding. To mistakenly take in the meaning or feeling of something. Example: 「誤解を招く」 (to invite misunderstanding), 「誤解を解く」 (to clear up a misunderstanding).
AI-generated translation
N3
語学
ごがく
To study a foreign language. Example: 「語学が得意だ」 (good at languages), 「語学学校」 (a language school).
AI-generated translation
N1
枯渇
こかつ
「枯」 means for plants to wither, and 「渇」 means for water to dry up; both characters describe natural phenomena of drying up. From this, the word came to be used metaphorically for water, resources, money, or ideas being exhausted to the bottom. Used in expressions like 「資源の枯渇」 or 「資金が枯渇する」, it is a formal word used in contexts where something necessary runs out.
AI-generated translation
N5
五月
ごがつ
The 5th month of the year.
AI-generated translation
N3
呼吸
こきゅう
breathing. To breathe in and out. Example: 「深く呼吸する」 (to breathe deeply). Also used to mean being in sync with someone, as in 「呼吸が合う」 (to be in rhythm with each other).
AI-generated translation
N1
極悪
ごくあく
「極」 means utmost, and 「悪」 means bad; together they mean bad to the utmost. It refers to being bad beyond all measure. Used in expressions like 「極悪非道」 or 「極悪人」, it is a formal word for situations of strongly condemning crimes or cruel acts.
AI-generated translation
N1
極意
ごくい
「極」 means to reach the extreme, and 「意」 means heart or insight; together they refer to the insight at the state of utmost mastery. It refers to the most important and profound insight in learning, the arts, or martial arts. Used in expressions like 「極意を授ける」 or 「極意をきわめる」, it expresses the essence obtained through long years of training.
AI-generated translation
N1
酷似
こくじ
「酷」 means severe, and 「似」 means to resemble; together they mean to resemble severely. It refers to appearance or content being so similar that they cannot be told apart. Used in expressions like 「酷似している」 or 「Aに酷似する」, it is a formal word for situations of mentioning a coincidental resemblance or a suspicion of imitation.
AI-generated translation
N1
酷使
こくし
「酷」 means cruel or severe, and 「使」 means to use; together they mean to use harshly. It refers to continuously using a person or thing intensely beyond reasonable limits. Used in expressions like 「目を酷使する」 or 「労働者を酷使する」, in situations of imposing excessive burden.
AI-generated translation
N3
国籍
こくせき
nationality. The status of which country a person is a citizen of. Example: 「日本国籍」 (Japanese nationality), 「国籍を取得する」 (to acquire nationality).
AI-generated translation
N1
告訴
こくそ
It refers to the victim of a crime requesting the prosecutor or police to punish the perpetrator. Used in expressions like 「告訴する」 or 「告訴を取り下げる」, it is a word used as a legal procedure.
AI-generated translation
N3
国立
こくりつ
Being built with the nation's money and run by the nation. It is most often attached to the name of a facility, as in 「国立大学」 (a national university), 「国立公園」 (a national park), 「国立博物館」 (a national museum), 「国立図書館」 (a national library), 「国立競技場」 (a national stadium). It is also used alone, as in 「この大学は国立だ」. Used in contrast with 「私立」 (private), 「県立」 (prefectural), and 「市立」 (municipal).
AI-generated translation
N1
孤軍
こぐん
「孤」 means alone and 「軍」 means army; the original meaning refers to a single unit left isolated without support from allies. From this, the word came to describe a unit or individual fighting in isolation. It is a formal term that expresses facing difficulty alone, used almost exclusively as a set phrase such as 「孤軍奮闘する」.
AI-generated translation
N3
焦げる
こげる
burn. To become blackened from being overcooked. Example: 「パンが焦げる」 (bread burns), 「焦げたにおい」 (a burnt smell). Something turning black on its own is 「焦げる」, while a person making it turn black by overcooking it is 「焦がす」; they are used as in 「ごはんが焦げる」 versus 「ごはんを焦がす」.
AI-generated translation
N5
ここ
ここ
A word referring to a place close to the speaker.
AI-generated translation
N5
午後
ごご
afternoon. The time from noon until night. The antonym is 「午前」 (morning/before noon).
AI-generated translation
N1
孤高
ここう
「孤」 means alone, and 「高」 means a lofty state; together they mean maintaining a lofty state by oneself. It refers to keeping high ideals or position alone, without conforming to others. Used in expressions like 「孤高の人」 or 「孤高を保つ」, it is a somewhat archaic and formal word expressing independent nobility.
AI-generated translation
N3
凍える
こごえる
For the body to lose sensation from cold. Example: 「手が凍える」 (one's hands go numb from cold), 「凍えるような寒さ」 (bone-chilling cold).
AI-generated translation
N5
九日
ここのか
The 9th day of the month. Also, a period of 9 days. Read as "ここのか."
AI-generated translation
N5
九つ
ここのつ
nine. The number 9 when counting things.
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N3
試み
こころみ
attempt. To try doing something. Example: 「新しい試み」 (a new attempt/initiative). The verb form is 「試みる」.
AI-generated translation
N3
腰
こし
waist. The bendable part of the body below the back. Example: 「腰が痛い」 (one's lower back hurts). There are also the expressions 「腰が低い」 (having a humble/polite manner) and 「腰を下ろす」 (to sit down).
AI-generated translation
N1
固執
こしつ
「固」 means firmly, and 「執」 means to grasp or cling; together they mean to cling firmly. It refers to stubbornly not changing one's opinion or thoughts. Used in expressions like 「自説に固執する」 or 「過去に固執する」, in contexts that critically describe a lack of flexibility.
AI-generated translation
N1
こじつけ
こじつけ
It refers to forcibly connecting things that originally have no relation by attaching some reasoning. Used in expressions like 「こじつけにすぎない」 or 「こじつけの解釈」, it is a noun used in situations of criticizing forced association.
AI-generated translation
N3
個人
こじん
individual. Each single person, as opposed to a group. Example: 「個人の意見」 (an individual's opinion), 「個人的な問題」 (a personal matter), 「個人情報」 (personal information).
AI-generated translation
N3
越す
こす
To pass a place or time and go to the other side. Example: 「年を越す」 (to see out the year/into the new year), 「冬を越す」 (to get through the winter), 「引っ越す」 (to move house). In the form 「お越しください」, it also serves as an honorific way of saying 「来る」 (to come).
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
擦る
こする
To press something firmly against the surface of an object and move it. A different action from 「摩る」 (to stroke gently) or 「刷る」 (to print), which are also read 「する」.
AI-generated translation
N5
午前
ごぜん
The time from morning until noon. The antonym is 「午後」 (afternoon).
AI-generated translation
N1
誇大
こだい
「誇」 means to boast, and 「大」 means large; together they mean to make something appear larger by boasting. It refers to saying or showing something as larger than it actually is. Used in expressions like 「誇大広告」 or 「誇大に表現する」, in contexts that criticize expressions inflated beyond reality.
AI-generated translation
N1
誇大妄想
こだいもうそう
「誇大」 means exaggerated and inflated, and 「妄想」 means imagining without basis in fact; together they mean imagining oneself as larger than one really is. It refers to thinking of one's ability or position as far greater than reality, divorced from facts. Used in expressions like 「誇大妄想に陥る」, it is a four-character idiom used to criticize excessive self-evaluation.
AI-generated translation
N5
答える
こたえる
answer. To respond to a question or problem with words or a sentence. Example: 「質問に答える」 (to answer a question).
AI-generated translation
N5
こちら
こちら
A polite way of saying 「ここ」. Also used to refer to a person, as in 「こちらは田中さんです」.
AI-generated translation
N3
国家
こっか
nation. A country. A unified entity that has territory, people, and a government. Example: 「国家試験」 (a national examination). More formal than 「国」, used when discussing politics and law.
AI-generated translation
N3
国会
こっかい
The most important assembly, which decides a nation's laws and budget. Example: 「国会議員」 (a member of parliament), 「国会で審議する」 (to deliberate in the National Diet).
AI-generated translation
N1
滑稽
こっけい
To be so absurd that it is funny enough to make one laugh without meaning to.
AI-generated translation
N5
こっち
こっち
A casual way of saying 「こちら」. Used in spoken language.
AI-generated translation
N3
固定
こてい
To firmly fix something in one place or state so it does not move. Example: 「固定給」 (a fixed salary).
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N5
事
こと
A word referring to a matter, or the content of a talk. Example: 「話す事」 (something to talk about), 「大事な事」 (an important matter). Very often written in hiragana as 「こと」.
AI-generated translation
N5
今年
ことし
This year. Read as 「ことし」, not read according to the characters as written.
AI-generated translation
N5
言葉
ことば
Something people use to convey feelings or thoughts through speaking or writing. Also used to mean a specific language, as in 「国のことば」 (the language of a country), such as Japanese or English.
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
子供
こども
child. A young person. The opposite of an adult. Also used to mean one's own son or daughter. Often written as 「子ども」.
AI-generated translation
N5
この
この
A word referring to something close to the speaker. Used before a noun, as in 「この本」 (this book).
AI-generated translation
N3
好む
このむ
To like something and choose it oneself. A slightly more formal way of saying 「好き」 (to like).
AI-generated translation
N1
拒む
こばむ
It refers to clearly not accepting another's proposal or demand. Used in expressions like 「面会を拒む」 or 「協力を拒む」, it is a somewhat formal verb used in situations of refusing with strong intent.
AI-generated translation
N5
御飯
ごはん
Cooked rice. Also used to mean a meal, as in 「朝御飯」 (breakfast), 「御飯を食べる」 (to eat a meal). Usually written 「ご飯」 or 「ごはん」.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.