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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,238words (N1–N5 total)
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N1
朽ちる
くちる
It refers to wood or plants rotting and falling to pieces over time. Used in expressions like 「朽ちた門」 or 「名声が朽ちる」, by metaphor it is also used for the decline of reputation or memory, not just for physical things.
AI-generated translation
N2
苦痛
くつう
It refers to physical or mental suffering or pain. Used in expressions like 「苦痛を訴える」 or 「苦痛に耐える」, it is used broadly from medical settings to everyday life.
AI-generated translation
N1
覆す
くつがえす
Originally it means to physically turn over a boat or vessel. From the original use as in 「机を覆す」, it came to be used metaphorically for overturning a stable state and changing it at its root. It is most often used in situations of reversing what has been decided or an established view, such as judgments, accepted theories, or political systems, as in 「定説を覆す」 or 「政権を覆す」.
AI-generated translation
N1
覆る
くつがえる
Originally it means for a boat or vessel to physically turn over. From the original use as in 「船が覆る」, it came to be used metaphorically for a stable state being overturned and changing at its root. It is most often used in situations where what had been decided or an established view is reversed, as in 「判決が覆る」 or 「定説が覆る」.
AI-generated translation
N1
屈強
くっきょう
「屈」 means to bend or be broken in spirit, and 「強」 means strong. It describes being so strong that even when bent one does not yield, hence having a sturdy build and strong physical power. Used in expressions like 「屈強な体格」 or 「屈強な男たち」, it is a formal word for describing a person of outstanding physical strength.
AI-generated translation
N1
屈指
くっし
It refers to being so few that they can be counted on one's fingers, or outstanding enough to be included among them. Used in expressions like 「世界屈指の名選手」 or 「業界屈指の企業」, it is a formal word for being included in the top few people or companies.
AI-generated translation
N2
屈辱
くつじょく
「屈」 means to bow down, and 「辱」 means humiliation; together they express humiliation so great that one is forced to bow down. It refers to the unbearable shame and resentment felt when one's pride is hurt. Used in expressions like 「屈辱を味わう」 or 「屈辱に耐える」, it refers to the deep mental pain suffered in situations of defeat or insult.
AI-generated translation
N2
屈折
くっせつ
It refers to something that had been moving straight bending and turning. In addition to the physical phenomenon of the path of light or sound changing, it is also used for the manner of the psyche being complexly distorted, as in 「屈折した感情」.
AI-generated translation
N1
屈託
くったく
A state in which worry or anxiety lingers in one's heart and does not clear away. It is also used in the affirmative, as in 「屈託のある表情」, but it is especially often used in the negative form, as in 「屈託のない笑顔」 or 「屈託なく笑う」, to express a bright, carefree appearance.
AI-generated translation
N1
屈服
くっぷく
「屈」 means to bow one's body, and 「服」 means to submit; together they mean to bow one's body and submit. It refers to losing to the other's force or pressure and submitting. Used in expressions like 「武力に屈服する」 or 「圧力に屈服する」, in situations of being forced to stop resisting and follow the other party's will.
AI-generated translation
N1
駆動
くどう
「駆」 means to drive forward, and 「動」 means to set in motion; together they mean to apply power to make something move. It refers to supplying motive power to machines or devices to make them operate. Used in expressions like 「四輪駆動」 or 「電動で駆動する」, it is a technical word expressing power transmission in automobiles and machinery.
AI-generated translation
N2
苦闘
くとう
It refers to fighting while suffering in the face of difficulty. Used in expressions like 「悪戦苦闘」 or 「苦闘の末に勝利する」, it is a formal word used in situations of struggling earnestly in conditions that are not at all easy.
AI-generated translation
N2
苦難
くなん
It refers to a painful and difficult situation or experience. Used in expressions like 「苦難の道」 or 「苦難を乗り越える」, it is a formal word for trials in life or history.
AI-generated translation
N2
苦悩
くのう
It refers to suffering and worrying deeply in one's heart. Used in expressions like 「苦悩する」 or 「苦悩の表情」, it is a formal word used in situations of being mentally driven into a corner by a problem for which no path to a solution can be seen.
AI-generated translation
N1
具備
ぐび
「具」 means to fully equip, and 「備」 means to prepare; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to fully meeting all required conditions or qualifications. Used in expressions like 「要件を具備する」, it is a formal administrative term used in application or qualification review contexts.
AI-generated translation
N2
工夫
くふう
「工」 means craft, and 「夫」 means person or activity; together they mean to put one's craftsmanship to work. It refers to using one's mind to find a better method. Used in expressions like 「工夫を凝らす」 or 「工夫する」, in situations of putting one's wits to work to improve or refine something.
AI-generated translation
N2
区分
くぶん
It refers to dividing the whole based on some criterion. Used in expressions like 「年齢区分」 or 「料金区分」, it is a formal word used in situations of classifying by nature, stage, or rank.
AI-generated translation
N1
くまなく
くまなく
An adverb meaning "to every corner without remainder, with no place left untouched." Used in expressions like 「くまなく探す」 or 「くまなく調べる」, it is used in situations of carrying out search or investigation thoroughly.
AI-generated translation
N2
組み合わせ
くみあわせ
The act of bringing multiple things together into one, or the manner of that combining. Used in expressions like 「色の組み合わせ」 or 「組み合わせ抽選」, it is a noun used broadly in situations of selecting elements or determining opponents in matches.
AI-generated translation
N2
組み入れる
くみいれる
It refers to taking a new element into an existing system or plan. Used in expressions like 「予算に組み入れる」 or 「日程に組み入れる」, in situations of formally positioning something as a component of the whole.
AI-generated translation
N2
組み替える
くみかえる
It refers to undoing a configuration or order that has been set up once and rearranging it in a different form. Used in expressions like 「日程を組み替える」 or 「組織を組み替える」, in situations of restructuring an existing structure.
AI-generated translation
N2
組み込む
くみこむ
It refers to taking something in as an element constituting the whole and making it an inseparable part. Used in expressions like 「機能を組み込む」 or 「条件を組み込む」, in situations of embedding something inside a system or plan.
AI-generated translation
N2
組み立てる
くみたてる
It refers to arranging parts or elements in order to make a finished product or overall structure. It is used broadly, from assembling furniture and machinery to constructing logic, plans, and writing.
AI-generated translation
N1
組み直す
くみなおす
It refers to once undoing what has already been put together and rebuilding it anew. Used in expressions like 「予算を組み直す」 or 「計画を組み直す」, in situations of reconstructing after a review.
AI-generated translation
N1
組み伏せる
くみふせる
It refers to grappling with the other party and pinning them down by force so that they cannot move. It is a somewhat formal word used in situations of fighting or arrest, and also appears in news articles.
AI-generated translation
N1
汲む
くむ
Originally a verb meaning to scoop up liquid with a vessel. From this it developed the figurative meaning of perceiving and showing consideration for another person's circumstances or feelings. Used in situations where one reads and accepts another's unspoken thoughts, as in 「事情を汲む」(understand someone's circumstances)、「気持ちを汲む」(understand someone's feelings)、「真意を汲む」(grasp the true intention). The form 「汲み取る」 is also commonly used. The figurative usage is central.
AI-generated translation
N1
工面
くめん
「工」 means craft or effort, and 「面」 means contrivance; together they mean to contrive through ingenuity. It refers to somehow managing to prepare money or other things through hard effort. Used in expressions like 「学費を工面する」 or 「資金を工面する」, in situations of scraping together what is lacking.
AI-generated translation
N2
雲行き
くもゆき
It refers to a change in the course or atmosphere of a matter. Used in expressions like 「雲行きが怪しい」, in situations of sensing signs that things are likely to develop in an unfavorable direction. It is a metaphorical expression transferred from meteorology.
AI-generated translation
N1
苦悶
くもん
「苦」 means pain or suffering, and 「悶」 means to writhe in agony; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to writhing intensely in physical pain or mental suffering. Used in expressions like 「苦悶の表情を浮かべる」, it is a formal written word expressing deep suffering, used in newspapers and literary writing.
AI-generated translation
N1, N3, N5
暗い
くらい
dark. Having little light, so things are hard to see. Example: 「暗いへや」 (a dark room). The antonym is 「明るい」 (bright).
AI-generated translation
N2
暮らし向き
くらしむき
It refers to the economic situation of daily life. Used in expressions like 「暮らし向きが楽になる」, it is a somewhat formal everyday word for the comfort of household finances or the standard of living.
AI-generated translation
N2
繰り上げる
くりあげる
To move a scheduled date, time, or order earlier than originally planned. The word with the opposite meaning is 「繰り下げる」.
AI-generated translation
N1
苦慮
くりょ
「苦」 means painful, and 「慮」 means to consider or worry; together they mean to think while suffering. It refers to thinking and worrying over and over. Used in expressions like 「対応に苦慮する」 or 「処遇に苦慮している」, it is a formal expression for situations of struggling with how to handle a difficult problem. Often seen in newspapers and official announcements.
AI-generated translation
N1
玄人
くろうと
A person with many years of experience and high skill in a particular field. Used in the sense of expert or connoisseur, as in「玄人はだし」. The antonym is「素人(しろうと)」.
AI-generated translation
N1
苦労人
くろうにん
A person who has experienced many hardships from a young age and understands well human feelings and the subtleties of things. Used in expressions like 「あの人は苦労人だ」, it is used in contexts of positively evaluating the other person's character.
AI-generated translation
N2
食わず嫌い
くわずぎらい
It refers to disliking something from the start and not accepting it without having actually tried it. It is a set noun used broadly, including for prejudice toward new ways of thinking and matters, in addition to food.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍需
ぐんじゅ
「軍」 means military, and 「需」 means demand or need; together they refer to demand for military purposes. It refers to demand or supplies related to military matters. Used in expressions like 「軍需産業」 or 「軍需物資」, it is a word for the production and supply of weapons and military-related items, used in economic and historical articles.
AI-generated translation
N2
群衆
ぐんしゅう
It refers to a large number of people gathered in one place. Used in expressions like 「群衆が押し寄せる」 or 「群衆心理」, it is a formal word that objectively refers to the state of an unspecified large crowd.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍縮
ぐんしゅく
「軍」 means armaments, and 「縮」 means to reduce; the word is a shortened form of 「軍備縮小」(reduction of armaments). It refers to reducing armaments based on agreements between states. Used in expressions like 「軍縮交渉」 or 「軍縮条約」, in contexts of international negotiations aimed at reducing military forces.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍備
ぐんび
「軍」 means army, and 「備」 means preparation; together they mean preparation for military matters. It is a general term for weapons, troops, and military facilities used to defend a country. Used in expressions like 「軍備を増強する」 or 「軍備を縮小する」, it is a formal word for a nation's military power itself, used in articles on politics and history.
AI-generated translation
N2
経緯
けいい
A word describing the circumstances or developments leading up to something. Focuses on process or background rather than outcome, as in「事件の経緯を説明する」「合併に至る経緯」. Can also be read as「いきさつ」using the kun reading.
AI-generated translation
N2
経過
けいか
Time passing by; also, the way something progresses and changes.
AI-generated translation
N1
形骸
けいがい
A word referring to a state in which substance or content has been lost, leaving only the outer form. Often used in the form「形骸化する」to describe rules or systems that no longer function.
AI-generated translation
N2
契機
けいき
「契」 means to bond or to make a pact, and 「機」 means an occasion or trigger; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to the trigger that brings about a change or action. Often used in the forms 「〜を契機に」 or 「〜を契機として」, it is a formal word for an event that becomes a turning point. It frequently appears in newspapers and essays.
AI-generated translation
N2
警護
けいご
It refers to accompanying and standing watch in order to protect important persons or important facilities from harm. Used in expressions like 「首相を警護する」 or 「警護にあたる」, it is a formal word used in situations where specialized personnel secure the safety of someone's surroundings.
AI-generated translation
N2
携行
けいこう
「携」 means to carry along, and 「行」 means to go; together they mean to carry along and go. It refers to carrying something on one's person while moving. Used in expressions like 「救急用品を携行する」 or 「身分証を携行する」, in situations of carrying necessary items while moving about. It is often seen in formal writing and rules or notices.
AI-generated translation
N2
渓谷
けいこく
A deep valley with a river running through it, flanked by mountains.
AI-generated translation
N2
慶事
けいじ
「慶」 means to rejoice, and 「事」 means an event; together they mean a joyous event. The word refers to happy occasions such as marriage, childbirth, or promotion. Used in expressions like 「一族の慶事」 or 「慶事が続く」, it is a formal word used in formal contexts or greetings.
AI-generated translation
N2
掲示
けいじ
To write something on paper or the like and post it in a visible place in order to inform many people.
AI-generated translation
N2
軽視
けいし
To view something lightly and not treat it as important. The word with the opposite meaning is 「重視」.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.