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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,241words (N1–N5 total)
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N1
合戦
かっせん
The act of engaging in battle. In ancient times it referred to warfare; in modern usage it expresses competitive events such as「歌合戦」「雪合戦」. In this「〜合戦」form the reading becomes voiced as「がっせん」, distinguished from「かっせん」, the reading used when the word stands alone.
AI-generated translation
N2
合致
がっち
「合」 means to fit, and 「致」 means to arrive precisely; together they mean to fit precisely as one. It refers to two or more matters fitting together exactly as one. Used in expressions like 「条件に合致する」 or 「証言と合致する」, it is a formal word used when content or conditions completely overlap.
AI-generated translation
N2
かつて
かつて
An adverb referring to a certain period in the past, meaning "formerly" or "long ago." Used in expressions like「かつてない規模」(an unprecedented scale)、「かつて栄えた街」(a town that once flourished). Although it can be written with the kanji「嘗て」, the hiragana form is more common.
AI-generated translation
N1
葛藤
かっとう
「葛」 means kudzu, and 「藤」 means wisteria; both are names of climbing plants. From the image of vines becoming complexly entangled, the word came to refer to opposing feelings struggling within one's heart. Used in expressions like 「葛藤を抱える」 or 「内心の葛藤」, it expresses being torn between choices or emotions. By metaphor, it is also used for conflict in human relationships.
AI-generated translation
N3
活動
かつどう
activity. To move actively with a purpose. Example: 「クラブ活動」 (club activities), 「火山活動」 (volcanic activity).
AI-generated translation
N1
渇望
かつぼう
It refers to strongly desiring something, like a thirsty person craving water. Used in expressions like 「平和を渇望する」 or 「自由を渇望する」, it is a formal word for an earnest yearning.
AI-generated translation
N2
過程
かてい
The course something follows as it progresses toward a result.
AI-generated translation
N2
仮定
かてい
To tentatively treat something not yet certain as being true, and proceed on that basis.
AI-generated translation
N2〜N4
家庭
かてい
The place where family members, such as parents and children, live together. Example: 「家庭で作る料理」 (home-cooked food).
AI-generated translation
N1
過渡期
かとき
「過」 means to pass by, 「渡」 means to cross over, and 「期」 means period; together they refer to a period during which one is crossing over. It refers to the period during which something transitions from an old state to a new one. Used in expressions like 「過渡期にある産業」, it expresses an unstable transitional stage. It is used when speaking about phases of society, technology, or life.
AI-generated translation
N1
家督
かとく
「家」 means household, and 「督」 means to oversee or direct; together they refer to the position of the one who oversees the household. It refers to the position and property of the head of a household. In the former family system, it was what the heir of the household inherited. Used in expressions like 「家督を継ぐ」, it is used in historical novels and stories of old families.
AI-generated translation
N2
叶える
かなえる
It refers to making a wish or dream come true. Used in expressions like 「夢を叶える」 or 「願いを叶える」, in situations of giving actual form to what one had hoped for.
AI-generated translation
N3
悲しむ
かなしむ
grieve. To feel sad. Example: 「別れを悲しむ」 (to grieve over a parting). The antonym is 「喜ぶ」 (to be glad). The adjective form is 「悲しい」.
AI-generated translation
N3
可能
かのう
possible. Being able to do something. Example: 「実現可能な計画」 (a feasible plan), 「予約が可能だ」 (booking is possible). The antonym is 「不可能」 (impossible).
AI-generated translation
N2
庇う
かばう
It refers to protecting someone from attack or criticism. Used in expressions like 「子を庇う」 or 「部下を庇う」, in situations of stepping in between to protect someone in a weaker position.
AI-generated translation
N2
華美
かび
「華」 means showy, and 「美」 means beautiful; the word combines two synonymous characters. It describes appearances that are flashy and excessively showy. Used in expressions like 「華美な装飾」 or 「華美に走る」, it expresses extravagant and excessive showiness. It is used negatively in situations that should be simple.
AI-generated translation
N3
株
かぶ
The original meaning is the base of a cut tree that remains in the ground (切り株, stump). From this, it is widely used to mean the rights of someone who has invested in a company. Example: 「株を買う」 (to buy stock), 「株が上がる」 (stock rises). Also appears in the expression 「お株をうばう」 (to outdo someone at their own specialty).
AI-generated translation
N3
被る
かぶる
To put something like a hat on one's head. Example: 「帽子を被る」 (to wear a hat). Also used to mean receiving something from above, as in 「水を被る」 (to be doused with water), or to mean taking on someone else's responsibility, as in 「罪を被る」 (to take the blame). Often written in hiragana.
AI-generated translation
N1
寡聞
かぶん
「寡」 means few, and 「聞」 means to hear or one's experience; together they mean to have little experience of seeing or hearing. It is mostly used in the form 「寡聞にして〜知らない」, as a fixed expression for humbly speaking about one's own lack of knowledge.
AI-generated translation
N3
構う
かまう
To pay attention to and take care of someone. 「子どもを構う」. It is also used to mean paying attention to something, and in this case the negative form is usual: 「身なりに構わない」 means not paying attention to one's clothes or appearance, and 「なりふり構わず」 means without caring how one looks. In the form 「構わない」 it means "not minding; no problem," and this usage is more common (「遅れても構いません」).
AI-generated translation
N3
我慢
がまん
To hold back something painful or a desire, and endure it. Example: 「痛みを我慢する」 (to bear the pain), 「トイレを我慢する」 (to hold in the urge to use the bathroom).
AI-generated translation
N1
噛み締める
かみしめる
Means to bite down hard. Also used figuratively to mean savoring and deeply feeling the significance of something or an emotion, often in emotional scenes such as 「喜びを噛み締める」 and 「幸せを噛み締める」. Also often written in hiragana as 「かみしめる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
過密
かみつ
「過」 means excessive, and 「密」 means densely gathered; together they mean density that exceeds the proper measure. It refers to a state in which people or things are gathered beyond limit. Used in expressions like 「過密都市」 or 「過密スケジュール」, in contexts where there is no room in space or time. The word with the opposite meaning is 「過疎」.
AI-generated translation
N1
上手
かみて
The upper side of a stage or river. On a stage it means the right side as seen from the audience; on a river it means the side the water flows from. Used as in "川の上手" or "上手から登場する". The opposite side is "下手（しもて）". The same "上手" read as "じょうず" means being good at something, and read as "うわて" means being superior to the other party; each is a separate word.
AI-generated translation
N3
雷
かみなり
thunder. Electricity running through the sky, producing a loud sound and light. Example: 「雷が鳴る」 (thunder rumbles), 「雷が落ちる」 (lightning strikes). There is also the expression 「親に雷を落とされた」 (to be severely scolded by a parent).
AI-generated translation
N3
かむ
かむ
bite. To hold or crush something between the upper and lower teeth. Example: 「ガムをかむ」 (to chew gum), 「よくかんで食べる」 (to chew well while eating), 「犬にかまれる」 (to be bitten by a dog). Written with the kanji 「噛む」, but since this kanji is not used in daily life, it is usually written in hiragana.
AI-generated translation
N2
仮面
かめん
A mask put on the face. By metaphor it is also used in the sense of "an apparent appearance that hides one's true heart," used most often in situations of expressing the discrepancy between a person's outer face and inner self, as in 「仮面をかぶる」 or 「仮面の下」.
AI-generated translation
N1
寡黙
かもく
「寡」 means few, and 「黙」 means silent; together they mean few in words and prone to silence. It describes the manner of rarely opening one's mouth and speaking only when necessary. Used in expressions like 「寡黙な人」 or 「寡黙に働く」, it is often used positively to depict a calm and composed character.
AI-generated translation
N1, N4
柄
がら
A pattern appearing on the surface of cloth, paper, and the like. Used as in「花柄」「柄物のシャツ」. It also expresses personality, dignity, or the nature of things, used in idioms and compounds that express the nature inherent to a person or thing, as in「柄が悪い」「柄にもない」「人柄」「家柄」.
AI-generated translation
N2
殻
から
The hard part covering the outside of an object. Used for eggs, shells, nuts, and the like. By metaphor it is also used in the sense of "the state of shutting oneself up inside," used most often in situations of expressing the human psyche, as in 「殻に閉じこもる」 or 「殻を破る」.
AI-generated translation
N3
空
から
empty. The state of having nothing inside. Used as in "箱を空にする" (to empty a box) or "空の容器" (an empty container). It is often written in kana as "から". The same "空" read as "そら" is a different word meaning the sky spreading overhead.
AI-generated translation
N2
絡む
からむ
It refers to string-like objects winding around. By metaphor it is also used in the senses of "matters being complexly related" or "a person clinging persistently," as in 「利害が絡む」 or 「酔って絡む」.
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
借りる
かりる
borrow. To use someone else's thing for a certain time. The antonym is 「貸す」 (to lend).
AI-generated translation
N3
刈る
かる
mow. To trim grass, hair, etc., using a tool. Example: 「芝生を刈る」 (to mow the lawn), 「髪を刈る」 (to cut one's hair), 「稲を刈る」 (to harvest rice).
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
軽い
かるい
A state not requiring strength to lift. Example: 「軽いかばん」 (a light bag). The antonym is 「重い」 (heavy).
AI-generated translation
N2
華麗
かれい
「華」 means showy, and 「麗」 means beautiful; the word combines two synonymous characters. It describes a state of being showy and beautiful. Used in expressions like 「華麗な舞」 or 「華麗な経歴」, it expresses eye-catching beauty and splendor. It is used for visually striking subjects like movements and careers.
AI-generated translation
N3
枯れる
かれる
wither. For grass or trees to lose moisture and die. Example: 「花が枯れる」 (a flower withers). Also used to mean losing richness, as in 「枯れた声」 (a dry, worn voice).
AI-generated translation
N2
過労死
かろうし
It refers to death caused by excessive labor. Used in expressions like 「過労死が問題になる」 or 「過労死認定」, it is used in contexts where health damage from long working hours is discussed as a social issue.
AI-generated translation
N1
辛うじて
かろうじて
The manner of barely managing to come about, in a hair's-breadth state. Used in expressions like 「辛うじて間に合う」 or 「辛うじて合格する」, it is an adverb expressing a result that came about by a narrow margin.
AI-generated translation
N3
乾く
かわく
For moisture to disappear from something. Example: 「洗濯物が乾く」 (laundry dries), 「ペンキが乾く」 (paint dries). The homophone 「渇く」 refers to wanting water in one's throat, and is written differently. The antonym is 「濡れる」 (to get wet).
AI-generated translation
N3
渇く
かわく
For one's throat to want moisture. Example: 「のどが渇く」 (to be thirsty). The homophone 「乾く」 refers to moisture disappearing from an object (e.g. 「洗濯物が乾く」, laundry drying), and is written differently.
AI-generated translation
N3〜N5
代わり
かわり
For a different person or thing to take on a role. In the form 「お代わり」, it is also used to mean having a second helping of food.
AI-generated translation
N3
代わる
かわる
For a different person or thing to take on the role of someone or something. Example: 「父に代わって答える」 (to answer in place of one's father). The homophone 「変わる」 refers to a state changing, and 「替わる」 refers to a thing being swapped for another; all are written differently.
AI-generated translation
N3
感覚
かんかく
sense. The function of perceiving things through seeing, hearing, touching, etc. Example: 「指の感覚がなくなる」 (to lose feeling in one's fingers). Also used to mean a way of perceiving things, as in 「金銭感覚」 (sense of money), 「新しい感覚のデザイン」 (a design with a fresh feel).
AI-generated translation
N1
鑑みる
かんがみる
「鑑」 means a mirror or model. This verb expresses making a judgment by reflecting on past precedents or the current situation as if looking into a mirror. Used in expressions like 「前例に鑑みる」 or 「現状に鑑みる」. It is often used in official documents and formal contexts.
AI-generated translation
N1
歓喜
かんき
「歓」 means to rejoice, and 「喜」 means to be glad; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to a very great joy. Used in expressions like 「歓喜の声」 or 「歓喜に沸く」, it is a formal word for joy accompanied by strong emotion. It is used in formal situations such as sports victories and award ceremonies.
AI-generated translation
N3
観客
かんきゃく
audience. People who watch sports, plays, etc. Example: 「観客席」 (spectator seats), 「大勢の観客」 (a large audience).
AI-generated translation
N2
頑強
がんきょう
「頑」 means stubborn, and 「強」 means strong; together they mean stubbornly strong. It describes the manner of not yielding to persuasion or pressure and stubbornly persisting. Used in expressions like 「頑強に抵抗する」 or 「頑強な反対」, it expresses the strength of an attitude or stance. It is also sometimes used with a slightly negative implication.
AI-generated translation
N3
環境
かんきょう
environment. The surrounding conditions around a person or living thing. Example: 「環境を守る」 (to protect the environment), 「職場環境」 (workplace environment), 「環境問題」 (environmental issues).
AI-generated translation
N2
玩具
がんぐ
「玩」 means to play with, and 「具」 means a tool; together they refer to a tool for playing. A toy. It is a formal notation used as industry terminology and product classification, as in 「玩具メーカー」 or 「教育玩具」. In everyday speech, the reading 「おもちゃ」 is more common.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.